Would it be possible to test leaf/culm/rhizome/root tissue in a lab to determine the "bamboo genetics" -- find out what species it is? (For that matter, tests to find out what any vegetation is would be a neat trick).

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Sure it's possible. As DNA tests are getting cheaper, such analysis should become used in the near future.

And we will find some of these separate "species" are the same, with different expressions due to growing conditions? And that some vendors are selling more common plants as rare ones. by mistake or not.